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Observability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs.
In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals.
The concept of observability was introduced by the Hungarian-American engineer Rudolf E. Kálmán for linear dynamic systems. A dynamical system designed to estimate the state of a system from measurements of the outputs is called a state observer or simply an observer for that system.